Which of the following surfaces is least likely to osseointegrate?

The surface of polished titanium is least likely to osseointegrate due to its lack of surface roughness and texture. Osseointegration relies heavily on the interaction between the implant surface and the surrounding bone. Rougher surfaces, such as those achieved through plasma spraying or blasting with hydroxyapatite (HA), promote better mechanical interlocking and provide a greater surface area for bone healing and integration.

A polished surface, while biocompatible, does not provide the same surface area or porosity that allows for bone cells to anchor effectively to the implant. The smooth nature of polished titanium can hinder the formation of a stable bone-implant interface, which is critical for successful osseointegration. In contrast, surfaces that are textured or coated can foster a more favorable biological response, enhancing the anchorage and stability of the implant within the bone.