What is a medication that could affect bleeding risk during dental procedures?

All the listed medications—Aspirin, Plavix®, and Coumadin—are known to have effects on bleeding risk during dental procedures, making the choice 'All of the above' the most appropriate answer.

Aspirin is an antiplatelet medication that reduces the ability of blood to clot; this is beneficial for preventing heart attacks and strokes, but it can increase bleeding during surgical interventions, such as dental procedures.

Plavix® (clopidogrel) is also an antiplatelet drug, commonly prescribed to prevent blood clots. Similar to aspirin, it affects platelet function and can lead to increased bleeding during dental work.

Coumadin (warfarin) is an anticoagulant that is used to treat and prevent blood clots. It works by inhibiting vitamin K-dependent clotting factors in the liver, significantly increasing bleeding risk during procedures.

Given that all of these medications can independently lead to a heightened risk of bleeding, it is crucial for dental professionals to be aware of a patient’s medication history to manage this risk effectively.